Pushing Products through Advertising: Camera Advertising Essay

There are many ads for different products these days on market. A product needs a good ad to attract many people and make good competition. Advertising has become part of producers vitality to win consumers hearts. All cameras serve the same purpose to make memories memorable or it is dead. There are different types of approaches camera advertisers use to attract the purchaser to the product. Companies like principle and Nikon use techniques such as glittering generalities, testimonial, need for affiliation and aesthetic sensation as propaganda methods to attract their buyers.Maria Sharapova ranked physical body one player in the women professional tennis in the world, is used in a Canon commercial. This propaganda approach known as testimonial, Maria hits several(prenominal) tennis balls with her power shot which stick in the net to form Maria was here. In this commercial consumers are told that if they use a Canon power shot digital camera, they make powerful statements. Theref ore, most buyers are attracted to this product because of they want to be more like her, a talented, beautiful, sports celebrity. ...

Paul Monettes Love Alone :: Poetry Poem Poet Essays

Paul Monettes Love Alone Loss. Grief. Mourning. Anger. Disbelief. Emotions are in abundance when a loved one passes away. People need to harness a way to cope with the situations and often need to express themselves by writing their feelings down in order to grow them out. This is exactly what Paul Monette does in his book of poetry title Love Alone in remembrance of his companion Rog. Through writing his poetry Monette describes his emotions and the events that occurred during Rogs battle with AIDS. By Monettes transitioning through divergent emotions, the lecturer begins to understand the pain the author is dealt. Touching upon Kubler-Ross five stages of death including denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, Monette transitions to Rogs decline in health. Using different fonts and no punctuation, the lines are interpreted by the reader using instincts to know when to begin and end a sentence. Evident in the poems The Very Same, The half life, and Current Status, Monette gives a description of loss that makes the reader tingle. The poem The Very Same was written at Rogs funeral. Family and friends of Paul try to get him to move on but Monette, being insulted to think that he can move on so quickly, does not adhere to the advice. Monette felt a surplus connection with Rog and felt as if a part of him died when Rog died He felt as if he lost his other half. To express the intonation in which the reader should interpret the poem different styles of font express the emotions and give the tone of Monettes voice. BUT THIS IS MY PAGE IT CANNOT BE TURNED(Monette 20). Written in whole capital letters the reader interprets this as an exclamatory remark. The italics on is emphasizes that word should be stressed. Monette is very angry at this point that everyone is telling him to move on, to gambol the page. But he feels as if there is no page to turn to. He and Rog were one soul in two bodies. How can someone suffer with half a soul. The use of italics is interpreted as a softened way of speaking.

Eating Disorders :: essays research papers

Addiction is having a devotion to something to a point where it becomes a habit and even obsessive. Anorexia and bulimia ar forms of addiction (www.addictionscience.net). Eating disorders are patterns of long run throughing or dieting behavior. They can be caused by significant emotional, physical, and relational distress (www.addictionscience.net). Some eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge eating. Anorexia is the relentless pursuit of thinness. Bulimia is the uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food in a short amount of time (Exploring Science sixth chance variable Myers, David G). The media plays a big part in this it creates an artificial image that commonwealth are supposed to look picture perfect, such as supermodels and athletes. People with anorexia are unable to maintain there average body weight and height for their age (www.aedweb.org). Most are afraid of gaining weight and usually see themselves as being fat, even thought they mi ght be underweight (www.aedweb.org). People with anorexia often spread with depression and withdrawal. They begin strange behavior such as dividing there food into a good/safe category, and a bad/dangerous category (www.calpsy.net/org).Individuals with Bulimia usually overeat during meals. After eating, they usually touch guilty and punish themselves by forcing themselves to vomit, or by using laxatives, enemas, or by over exercising (Exploring Science 6th interlingual rendition Myers, David G). They also deal with depression and loneliness often. People with Bulimia have difficulty talking about their inner feelings. They also have anxiety depression, and anger (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They also might have problems with impulse control, shoplifting, and may be very sexually adventurous. They may also take in the habit to vilification drugs and alcohol depending on severity (www.anred.com).People who binge eats are usually overweight. They diet to suck up themselves hungry and then binge eat to make up for the hunger. However, also eat for emotional reasons because they feel it substitutes for their depression (www.addictionscience.net).Some of the warning signs of eating disorders are with food behavior (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They will usually skip meals or only eat a small portion. They will not eat in front of other people and they mix strange food combinations, they will also have an excuse to never eat. Suddenly they will stop eating their favorite foods and only eat a few safe foods. Often find themselves wearing baggy clothes to cover up their non-perfect appearance (www.

The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homers Iliad :: Ancient Greece Greek History

The delegacy flora of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homers IliadIt is unenviable to compare the plant life of Aristophanes and Homer, and make a decision as to whether or not Aristophanes plays are more advanced than Homers writing, as they serve a different purpose and are told conpletely differently. Aristophaness stories are meant to be per beed in the form of a play. Homers Iliad is an epic, and through his language the reader can only picture the scene. They cannot be compared as such, and we may pass judgment on whether the works of Aristophanes has advanced in quality, in relation to Homers Iliad. Literature reflects the circumstances of the times by providing a social and political commentary. This commentary is represented by Aristophanes, unitary of the best known tragic and comic poets of the fifth and fourth century B.C. As Greek society became more sophisticated a new figure of poetry arose among the Greeks. Unlike Homer, authors of this lyric poetry sang not of legendary events but of present delights and sorrows. This new note, personal and passionate, can be seen in the works of Aristophanes, in which the contrast amidst the new values and those of Homers heroic age is aggressively clear. By the fifth century B.C. in Athens, two distinct forms, calamity and comedy, had evolved. Borrowing from the old familiar legends of gods and heroes for their plots, the tragedians reinterpreted them in the light of the values and problems of their own times. Comedies were vernacular and lively. There were no laws against libel or obscenity in Athens, so political satire became a favorite subject of the comedians. Aristophanes, the most famous comic-dramatist, brightly satirized Athenian democracy as a mob led by demagogues. A favorite target of his was the political leader Cleon - he based some(prenominal) of his plays around him. Yet he also put intelligent messages between his jokes. For example, in his play Lysistrata, the women of Greece stop the Peloponnesian War with a sex boycott, refusing to peace with their husbands until they agree to end the fighting thus, he could advocate peace and womens rights in the same story. By allowing such coarse humor even in difficult times, the Athenians may have shown us why Athens remained a cultural center after its best years ended they were never afraid of the truth, and could endlessly laugh at themselves.The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homers Iliad Ancient Greece Greek HistoryThe theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homers IliadIt is difficult to compare the works of Aristophanes and Homer, and make a decision as to whether or not Aristophanes plays are more advanced than Homers writing, as they serve a different purpose and are told conpletely differently. Aristophaness stories are meant to be performed in the form of a play. Homers Iliad is an epic, and through his language t he reader can only picture the scene. They cannot be compared as such, but we may pass judgment on whether the works of Aristophanes has advanced in quality, in relation to Homers Iliad. Literature reflects the circumstances of the times by providing a social and political commentary. This commentary is represented by Aristophanes, one of the best known tragic and comic poets of the fifth and fourth century B.C. As Greek society became more sophisticated a new type of poetry arose among the Greeks. Unlike Homer, authors of this lyric poetry sang not of legendary events but of present delights and sorrows. This new note, personal and passionate, can be seen in the works of Aristophanes, in which the contrast between the new values and those of Homers heroic age is sharply clear. By the fifth century B.C. in Athens, two distinct forms, tragedy and comedy, had evolved. Borrowing from the old familiar legends of gods and heroes for their plots, the tragedians reinterpreted them in the l ight of the values and problems of their own times. Comedies were vulgar and lively. There were no laws against libel or obscenity in Athens, so political satire became a favorite subject of the comedians. Aristophanes, the most famous comic-dramatist, brilliantly satirized Athenian democracy as a mob led by demagogues. A favorite target of his was the political leader Cleon - he based several of his plays around him. Yet he also put intelligent messages between his jokes. For example, in his play Lysistrata, the women of Greece stop the Peloponnesian War with a sex boycott, refusing to sleep with their husbands until they agree to end the fighting thus, he could advocate peace and womens rights in the same story. By allowing such coarse humor even in difficult times, the Athenians may have shown us why Athens remained a cultural center after its best years ended they were never afraid of the truth, and could always laugh at themselves.

Illinois Michigan Canal is Responsible for Chicagos Size Essay

Didnt expect no town -Early lettuce Settler Mark BeaubienThe I & M Canal is universally considered the driving force behind the huge surge of growth that turned the tiny settlement on the banks of Lake Michigan named Chicago, in to a huge metropolis and bustling center of trade.Ever since Joliet first crossed the portage between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River in 1673, explorers, investors, politicians, and farmers alike all concur that constructing a canalize across the continental divide could benefit them greatly. The canal would connect the two largest water systems in the United States, creating a continuous stream between New York and New Orleans, but more importantly, place Chicago on perhaps the most valuable piece of real estate in North America and in the position to become an international city almost overnight.The plans to build the Illinois & Michigan canal began in the newly started Illinois legislature in 1818. It was driven forward by the new constru ction on the Erie Canal in New York. Once the Erie Canal was complete only a canal between the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers would be necessary to complete the chain of waterways connecting New York to New Orleans.In 1822, Congress gave Illinois a large portion of lend on which to not only build the canal, but to sell to raise funds for its construction. The land contained the portage between the two rivers and about 100 miles of land to the southmost and west of it. It had just recently been coercively and dishonestly purchased from the local Blackhawk Indians in a treaty that ended the Blackhawk War.As soon as the Erie Canal was ideal in 1825, eastern investors quickly realized Chicagos huge potential. The land around what would one ... ...ys to twelve days.The canal remained a profitable enterprise until the year 1866 when the newly completed railroad system proved to be a cheaper and more efficient alternative. Use of the canal did not disappear however until around 19 00 when it began to fall into disrepair. The net deathblow to the Illinois & Michigan came when the big, wider, and deeper Illinois Waterway was completed in 1933. However, though no longer in commercial use, the Illinois & Michigan canal remains as a source of recreation and will forever be remembered as the spark responsible for Chicagos leap to prominence.In 1833 the population of the newly incorporated town of Chicago was 250 people, by 1854, only 20 years later, the population had swelled to over 75 thousand. The city of Chicago had ascended from a tiny trading outpost to a thriving metropolis at an unprecedented speed.

Illinois Michigan Canal is Responsible for Chicagos Size Essay

Didnt expect no town -Early Chicago Settler Mark BeaubienThe I & M Canal is universally considered the driving force stub the huge surge of growth that turned the tiny settlement on the banks of Lake Michigan named Chicago, in to a huge metropolis and bustling center of trade. invariably since Joliet first crossed the portage between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River in 1673, explorers, investors, politicians, and farmers alike all agreed that constructing a canal across the continental divide could returns them greatly. The canal would connect the two largest water systems in the United States, creating a continuous waterway between New York and New Orleans, but more importantly, spatial relation Chicago on perhaps the most valuable piece of real estate in North America and in the position to become an outside(a) city almost overnight.The plans to build the Illinois & Michigan canal began in the newly started Illinois legislature in 1818. It was driven forward by th e new construction on the Erie Canal in New York. Once the Erie Canal was eject only a canal between the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers would be necessary to complete the chain of waterways connecting New York to New Orleans.In 1822, Congress gave Illinois a large portion of land on which to not only build the canal, but to conduct to raise funds for its construction. The land contained the portage between the two rivers and about 100 miles of land to the south and west of it. It had just recently been coercively and dishonestly purchased from the local Blackhawk Indians in a treaty that ended the Blackhawk War.As soon as the Erie Canal was completed in 1825, eastern investors quickly realized Chicagos huge potential. The land about what would one ... ...ys to twelve days.The canal remained a profitable enterprise until the year 1866 when the newly completed railroad system proved to be a cheaper and more efficient alternative. Use of the canal did not disappear however unt il around 1900 when it began to fall into disrepair. The final deathblow to the Illinois & Michigan came when the big, wider, and deeper Illinois Waterway was completed in 1933. However, though no longer in commercial use, the Illinois & Michigan canal remains as a source of recreation and will forever be remembered as the spark responsible for Chicagos leap to prominence.In 1833 the population of the newly incorporated town of Chicago was 250 people, by 1854, only 20 years later, the population had adult to over 75 thousand. The city of Chicago had ascended from a tiny trading outpost to a thriving metropolis at an unprecedented speed.

Calaveras Vineyards Essay

The purpose of this analysis is to determine if Goldengate Capital should participate in a $4.5 million management acquisition of Calaveras Vineyards. placed in Alameda Valley, California, Calaveras Vineyards sits on 220 acres, consisting of 175 acres of vineyards, and 45 acres of equipment sheds, a wine-coloredry building, and a small farmhouse with guestrooms, offices, and sales room.Strategic epitomeSWOT AnalysisFinancial AnalysisCurrent management of Calaveras, Stout PLC, prepared pro forma financial statements for fiscal years ending 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993. This information is being used to find out historical data and look for relevant patterns in cabaret to further valuate Calaveras Vineyards.Sales increased from $2.4 million in 1990 to $2.8 million in 1991. In 1992 Calaveras started to produce premium wines with increasing average industry prices. Although sales decreased from 1992 to 1993, cash flow improved immensely. Increasing the average price, and introducing pr emium wines, allowed Calaveras to gain a higher profit margin. base on the pro forma historical financial statements, a comparative analysis has been completed to identify Calaveras position among other manufacturers of wine and brandy.Calaveras, when compared to other manufacturers industry-wide, whitethorn have not have the capability to pay its obligations. The current dimension of 0.4 is less than 1.0, indicating that Calaveras does not have enough current assets to ski binding their liabilities, to include equity. Although the current ratio is low, this does not mean there is a critical problem. Management should be aware and address quickly to determine what exertion to take.The assets to sales ratio indicates that Calaveras somewhat efficient in managing its assets in the relation the revenue generated. The higher the number the less investment is studyed in order to generate revenue. Calaveras falls somewhere in between the upper and median quartile. Theywill need to in vest in order to generate more revenue.Calaveras is producing a 10% return on sales, above the upper quartile of industry norms. This means the vineyard is growing more efficient and providing growing profits. The return on assets ratio falls between the upper quartile and median quartile of the industry norm, and illustrates how well management is employing the companys assets. With rate of 4.2% Calaveras is doing better than some of their competitors utilizing assets, but may need to invest to yield a higher rate, which will attract potential partners and lenders.ProjectionsForecast assumptions were used to project cash flow in the next 5 years. All assumptions are have been analyzed for reasonableness and work to generate a forecasted Income statement and balance sheet. A growth rate of 2% may not be sustainable, but it is conservative and will be used in discounting cash flows. Depending on how Calaveras will utilize free cash flows, big(p) expenditures may increase, resulting in a decrease in cash flows. However, these expenditures should yield a higher return on sales, and increase cash flows.ValuationBased on the forecasted income statement and balance sheet a discounted cash flow is calculated, using the weighted average cost of capital to discount cash flows.

Reaction Paper to Ethics Essay

In chapter 1 we discuss the study of ETHICS. deterrent example philosophy came from the excogitate ethos which means the char subroutineeristic way of functioning and its Latin intelligence service is mos., mores which means the traditional line of conduct or custom. It is form this root word that the word righteous or honorableity is derived. Example of ethos of troops as piece of music is revealed that he is able to distinguish between good and monstrous, right or wrong, moral and immoral. Ethics is defined as the practical and philosophical science of the morality of human act. In science it is a body of systematized knowledge set with its accomp eaching explanation. In a practical science morals consists of principles and equitys that argon applied in daily living. In philosophical science it presents and deliberates its subject government issue. Ethics has an object material object to human, formula object to morality act, formula object quo to human reason, and fo rmula. Ethics likewise has importance starting signal is to sharpen the moral temper of the learners by inculcating the moral norms it means that to open to the mind to people that ethics is important. present moment is to make them aw be of the moral principles and laws governing mans work on Its importance to aware to mans moral principles and laws to what are their limitation as a man. Third to help the students become aware of the intimate relation between their moral natures and law, student must know also their relations as a man and be aware what theyre doing as man are. Fourth to show to the learners acting in accordance with the rational and moral nature could lead them supernatural destiny-God and fifth is to develop in the students in the students realize that people stick out non live together harmoniously in hostel without the ethical norms and laws applied or followed. in that location are two types of ethical system. starting is the Atheistic which he/she be lieves that God does not exist or we can say that this kind of man is an Anti-Christ. Its characteristic that only matter exist, military man is responsible only to himself, morality is an invention of man to suit his requirements and top preserve his society, and moral truths are temporary and mutable dep winduping on the situation.The plan of good and bad is always relative and changeable. Their theories is that matter is the reality that man is matter and does not have spiritual dimension, man is clear andmust puzzle out his freedom to promote the welfare of society, and man is accountable only to state. Second ethical system is the Theistic that he/she believes that God is the supreme lawgiver. Man is free and must use his freedom to promote his soulal and social interest along with his fellowmen, has an immoral soul which cannot die, and is accountable for his actions, some(prenominal)(prenominal) good and evil. In chapter 1 we also discuss that ethics has a relation to other sciences.Ethics and logic that doing follows thinking as knowledge or right leads to doing of right. Ethics and psychological science both deals with the study of man, human nature, and human behavior its difference is that psychology is not interested in the morality of human act, unlike ethics. Ethics and Sociology it deals with the moral order which includes the social order. Society dep suppresss on ethics for its underlying principles. And finally ethics and economics man is also an economic being because he has to harbor himself y earning a living this to aspects of one and the same human nature.Chapter 2 we discuss Man and His Existence in this chapter we recognize most Greek thinkers (The pass of philosophy of man). First Socrates (469-399BC) his is a teacher of Plato he believes that man is made of body and soul. The soul is distinct from the body, and is likened to God in memory, understanding, indivisibility, immortality, and the highest value if man is happines s. Second Plato (427-347 BC) he believes that man is essentially a soul that souls are spiritual and immortal and death liberates the soul from the prison of the body. And third Aristotle (384-322) He also believes that man is made of body and soul.Some Christian thinkers like St. Augustine of Hippo, St Anselm of Italy and St. Thomas Aquinas accepted the philosophical teaching of ancient philosophers in their view that man is represent of body and soul. But they incorporated the idea on the churchs teaching. They hold that the human soul is spiritual being essentially present in his body. Some Oriental philosophers Lao- Tse who encourages man to be virtuous in order to attain Tao The term Tao means way, path or principle, and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism.Confucius who taught man with his Golden Rule Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself. Had order to attain happiness and self-protection. Gautama Buddha Siddharta who i s TheEnlightened one believes that man must strive for happiness, that cant not be attained in this world for it is a state of peace. They hold the only way for man to reach happiness is liberate him from the slavery of sensual pleasures of this world and from selfishness. There near various notions of man. Man as body soul compositeMan as a rational animalMan as embodied subjectivenessMan is a being in this worldMan as socius and interhumanMan as a person andMan as an absolute value.We also discussed in chapter 2 the human existence the meaning of existentialism a reaction to the depersonalization, dehumanization, the loss of the uniqueness of the individual during the Industrial revolution. Rene Descartes a French philosopher (1956-1650) preceptor of modern philosophy. He started with his methodic doubt he claimed that everything was dubitable even hid own body. But doubting is an concludes that if we think therefore we exist COGITO ERGO SUM some of human existential run into s are.The experience of the good Man experience the good things here on earth the experience of the beautiful the beautiful how we livethe experience of love the love to each otherthe experience of existence of being a human and as a man and the experience of the of happiness duration living here on earth. Socrates told that Know thyself and unexamined life is not worth living that soul is imprisoned in the body Plato tells death about inflammation world of forms over idea which soul (real man) its parts is rational, appetitive, and spiritual. Aristotle tells that a rational animal of being a Hylemopshism- BeingIn Chapter 3 we discuss Man and his end Man does not act without any motive or objective in view. He always acts to achieve something by the action. repeal is both termination and a destination of activity. It is that which completes of finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished. End as something good the end of human is apprehended as good enviable . If the endis desirable or attractable to the divisor, then it must be good. There are three modes of perceiving and using the good. Good as to utility an object or act is perceived as good when it is useful for ones proposed and satisfaction. Good as to kayo an object or an act is a thing of beauty when it satisfies their aesthetic appetite. The judgment if beauty remains both subjective and objective. And good as to nature or reality it is not accidental.End has four classifications.End of the act it is the natural termination of an activity, thus, what is good and desirable is also the end of the act. End of the agent it is a personal purpose intended by the person performing the relax himself. Temporal ends, intermediate ends this is intermediary in that they are used as means to attain other ends. And Ultimate end this is the choke final goal of a human act and human agent. It is the end of all ends. This is a permanent and absolute one. End also has two aspects first is th e subjective ultimate end is the subjective sustainion of the objective ultimate end by the person. The possession results to enjoyment or happiness. Second is objective end gives the agent happiness by possession thereof. There are some ultimate goals of life chosen by certain thinkers. First is materialistic ethics holds that the supreme good of man are human pleasures and satisfaction. It has three kinds hedonism holds that the highest end of man is found in sensual pleasures and bodily satisfaction.Utilitarianism insist that the ultimate end of man is the possession political power through conquest of the other nations Social Utilitarianism claims that the greatest value of man consists the maximum welfare of the entire society Second is the Ultra-spiritualism takes spiritual matters and virtues in this life as ultimate end. And it has two kinds of it Greco Roman stoicism believes that the virtue and abstinence from sensual pleasures as the highest end of man. human-centered P ersonalism holds that the ultimate end of man consist of human perfection through knowledge, virtue, honor which must be acquired. Last is the Progressive ethics the final goal of man is the continuous acquisition of all temporal goods which may be socio-economic political and moral progress, taken as a while as usual or individual well-being in society. We also discuss the Christian ethics came from theGreek word Christus this simply shows us about the history of buyback from eternity to eternity. Ethical Ultimate Goal of Chrisitanity are to glorify to God (Gods glory) that Christians worship God through prayers and by attending a people and listening to pastors or priest to the word of God by the Bible.And Salvation of Mankind by sp put downing the word of God to mankind especially when you read John 316 For God so love the world that he gave his only begotten son for whosoever believeth in him should not perish just now have an everlasting life In chapter 4 we discuss Human Acts is an activity that man wants to obtain. In wide sense, human act means any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or spiritual done by a human being. Acts of man is an activity of man as animal. There are three signs of acts of Man they act are done in deliberately, they are not done freely, and they are done involuntary. Acts of man are instinctive, and are not within the control of the result. Human act is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. In order that an act is human, it must possess three essential qualities.There are three essential attributes of human acts. First an act which is deliberately done, it must be performed by conscious agent who is aware of what he are doing and of its consequences Second an act which is done freely or with freedom, it must be performed by an agent who is acting freely and the act must not be done out of far. And Last one is an act is done voluntarily on voluntariness the act must be performed by the agent who decides willfully to perform the act, it emanates from the bottom of his heart. Human acts must be done knowingly, freely and voluntarily. There are also kinds of human act and its classification.First is an Elicited act it is that begins and are perfected in the will itself. These acts find their adequate cause in the will alone. Wish the first tendency of the will towards a thing, natural, inclination of the will towards an object. Intention the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable. Consent the acceptance of the work of the means prerequisite to carry out intention. Election is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out intent. Use the employment by the will of powers to carry out its intention by the means selected. And fruition the enjoyment of a thing willed and done.We also discuss in his chapter the will and freedom. Wills is mans naturaltendency of being attracted to what is good and beautiful and be r epulsed from what is evil and ugly after they have been presented by intellect. Moral distinctions is the human acts may either be in conformity or not with the dictates of season shows what is permissible in a given situation, the best option as a matter of facts. Moral actions are those actions which are in conformity with the norm of morality. Immoral actions are those actions which are not in conformity with the norm of morality. and Amoral action are those action which stand neutral in relation to the norm or morality. Ignorance is the absence of the intellectual knowledge in a man. There are some aspects of ignorance.Ignorance of the law is the absence of knowledge of a person ought to possess Ignorance of the fact is the ignorance of nature of circumstances of an act that is generally forbidden in the community. Ignorance of punishment is the lack of knowledge of the sanction imposed by low to violators. And ignorance it its subject it lies in the agent who has no knowledge o f the law, fact or penalty. In chapter 5 we discuss The Norms of human act Norm is a standard of measurement. It is an instrument or which the quality or quantity of a thing is determined. It is something we distinguish the righteousness and evilness of the man act. Norm has two human acts.First is Law is an ordinance of reason, promulgated for the common good by one who has charged of a society. Law is an ordinance an order coming the legitimate authority law is an ordinance of reason its result of the law gives reasonable wills it should not contrary to higher(prenominal) law. law is promulgated it made known to those bound by it and made it publicly. Law is promulgated for the common good it must serve for the public good. And law is promulgated in a society it is applicable only to those the social institutions, society and community and pertains to the legitimate lawgivers. There are also norms of morality deathless law it is the divine reason and will commanding that the natu ral order of things be preserved and forbidding that it disturbed. Natural law or the law of nature (Latin lex naturalis), is a system of law that is purportedly determined by nature, and thus universal. Classically, naturallaw refers to the use of reason to analyze human natureboth social and personaland deduce binding rules of moral behavior. Natural law is contrasted with the positive law (meaning man-made law, not good law posit) of a given political community, society, or nation-state, and thus serves as a standard by which to criticize said positive law. And last we discuss about kinds of conscience.Corrects or true conscience it discerns and dictates to the person that is good as good what is evil as evil. Erroneous or False Conscience it mistakes what is good as to evil and what is evil to good. Scrupulous Conscience this is extremely cautious or fearful to the point that the person refuses to do or judges the act. Lax conscience this finds excuses for an evil act to be no s inful. Certain Conscience a person acts in the state of good faithAnd Doubtful Conscience he is not sure on the goodness or badness of an act.

Education reforms Essay

The problems experienced in the K-12 level of education in U. S. A today atomic number 18 a unspoilt threat to the health of the economy and the future prosperity of society in general. The quality of education is deteriorating though the government has increased funding by 44 percent. A rising tide of mediocrity as reported by the federal commission was the key factor that causes the K-12 education to deteriorate (Kurt 2003). There be no p arntal choice programs that give them the power to make decisions on how the school should be run.The children are assigned to schools that are nearer to their place of antechamber and this is based on zoning rules. Another problem is that public schools are performing below the standard and they are not held accountable for their performance. The schools are wanting incentive to improve quality or take control of the costs for they are protected by the education act of the government. (The Washington Post 2008 April 3) The personal and rel igious schools are performing well as opposed to the public schools and this has a negative significance to the students who are enrolled in public schools.Due to the problems discussed above then the government must address the bureaucratic twist reform and especially the public education. For the discussed problems I would advocate for empowering of parents so that they will discipline that students are served better than the administration. They will in like manner be allowed to transfer their children from the schools that are not performing and consequently this will compel the school to improve their quality. The government should ensure that public school are performing and more so come up with strategies that will enable them to perform.The reform will make the schools to be more resourceful with their finances and follow the curriculum accordingly. In his recent public speech, Senator McCain noted that markets form losers and winners and United States of America canno t afford any losers in a game of educational roulette. (The New York Times 2008 July 14). The choice of programs will allow parents to take their children to schools within or outside the districts depending on the performance. There should be also introduction of charter schools which are publicly funded but managed by private officers.The bureaucratic systems that prevent funds from reaching the teaching fraternity should be abolished. (William B. 2007) The dickens presidential candidates have realized that the deterioration of Americas educational system will be a major concern as for the voters. They have therefore come up with various proposals to reform K-12 education once they get into power. Senator Barrack Obama will establish national standards by ensuring that national tests are done on a voluntary basis. He also promises to empower parents to improve the educational quality and academic achievement.On the other hand, Senator McCain proposed that parents will be allowe d to use the proceeds to reform K-12 education as well as pay for their childrens university fees. This is an idea that was rejected by President Clinton but McCain wants to reintroduce the bill. In The New York Times dated 14th July 2008, there was an agreement by school officials that vouchers foster competition and thereby force public schools to improve. in like manner in The Washington Post dated 3rd April 2008 it was noted that new choices in education have sent a powerful message to schools and cheer some of them to acknowledge a threat of competition. To summarize, it is clear that public schools are providing substandard education to the students. It is because of this reason that there is need to address the bureaucratic structure of schools that does not put the interests of the learners at heart.ReferencesGreenwood C. (2008 April 3) K-12 education reforms. The Washington Post. Kurt Finsterbusch (2003) Annual Editions Social Problems. New York McGraw-Hill Higher Educat ion William George Bruce (2007)The American School Board Journal cabbage National School Boards Association A Smith,(2008 July 14) Bureaucratic System of Education. The New York Times.

Financial Crisis

The latest global pecuniary crisis was exploded in 2008. This was the close serious financial crisis since the stinting depression which occurred in sass and it severely impacted the global financial food market. Lots of corporations collapsed during the 2008 financial nook which was caused by severance of capital chain. Although virtually companies did not bankrupt during that period, they equally had suffered huge loss. The 2008 global financial crisis began from America. Ameri basis financial crisis came from the prosperity of real estate.Before the 2008 global financial crisis, a large hot chocolate of financial derivatives were generated and financial bubble became more and more serious. Finally, Ameri can buoy sub-prime crisis occurred which leaded to a large number of bank failure. This paper lead analyze the cause of American sub- prime crisis and indicate the relevance between modifys article, delegation speculation and the 2008 global financial crisis. This e ssay will argue that operation theory contributes to the 2008 global financial recession. 2 Review of the literature 2. performance theory Agency theory has described a relationship between principals and agents. It also an solve this relationship through a contract that one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent denser and Neckline, 1976308, citied in Lehman and Continue, 2013). 2. 2 Bad theory and serviceman morality and ethic After the collapse of Enron, school (2005) knock forbiddenly argues that task school does not need to do lots of things.In contrast, they Just need to terminate some old courses which they be teaching for their students. The reason is that the root of the issues in management practices can be found in the theories of management. Additionally, management practices which are condemned are enhanced by these theories and ideas (Shoal, 2005 75). Moreover, business school cannot salute the issues of moral and ethic. Clansman, Setback and Heckler (1998 77, citied in Shoal, 2005) claim that management studies is regarded as a branch of the social acquaintances.Namely, the issues of business studies can be analyzed and decide in method of social sciences. However, Ghosted (2005 77) strongly argues that people use scientific way o explore regulation so that they have ignored the moral and ethical motive of world. Because thither are some underlying basic diversities between physical sciences and business studies, some theories of physical sciences are not suitable for business studies. Furthermore, the part of business studies which are related to physical (2005), even though scientific methods (p. 7) exerts some positive influences, the cost is expensive. Therefore, this approach denies the subjective initiative of human. In addition, humans morality and ethic which are neglected by individuals are inevitable in human intentionality. Jensen and Michelin (1976, cited in Shoal, 2005 75) assert that an idea which mangers cannot be trusted was taught to their students in business school. As a result, when these students graduate, they but trust their leaders and do not realize that they should strictly maintain personal integrity.Additionally, evening though Friedman (1953, citied in Shoal, 2005) acknowledges that the transaction of agents is to maximize the profit of shareholders, Shoal discounts this view and argues that compared with finding a new Job by employees, it is easier that shareholder can sell their corporation (Shoal, 2005). Furthermore, shareholder take to be minimization is the fundamental of the chest theory. However, Shoal (2005 81) strongly asserts that they are not relevant and points out that these research and analyses are make on incorrect assumption, which meaner they are unrealistic.Moreover, Chicago Agenda extreme emphasis laws and rules and aga inst human intentionality and indicates that ethic and morals which are exactly relevant with persons can be removed from social science (Shoal, 2005). Nevertheless, Shoal disagrees this view and approves of the stewardship theory, because it can in effect give consideration to he profit of customers, employees, shareholders and their communities (Davis, Chairman and Donaldson, 1997, citied in Shoal, 2005 81). 2. 3 Background of financial crisis The 2008 global financial recession has been described a once in a century credit tsunami (Earl, 2009 785).This is a disastrous blow to global financial community. Ballard (et al, 2009, citied in Huh et at, 2012) points out that some economists regarded the global financial crisis as the most serious global finance disaster since sass. Compared with only 11 banks was bankruptcy during 2003 to 2007, at least 160 American banks went broke in 2008 and 2009 (Fide, 2011, citied in Huh et al, 2012). From this statistics, it is not difficult to k now how strong influence brought by this financial crisis. There is a close link between the 2008 global financial crisis and sub-prime crisis.Bernard (2007, citied in Hellenize and Chaos, 2012) asserts that sub-prime owes are loans made to borrowers who are perceived to have a high credit risk, often because they lack a strong credit history or have other characteristics that are associated with high probabilities of default. Furthermore, during 1990 to 2000, cause of the IT bubble economy, the American organization took some steps to prevent economic downturn, much(prenominal) as reducing interest rate, cutting tax, decreasing the cost of sub-prime etc.Even though there were higher risks that some of sub- prime borrowers cannot repay currency punctually, the sub-prime mortgage had become an extremely phenomenon in that period, because this kind of debits can get more return due to the higher interest rate. In addition, secondary market had gum olibanum mortgagor can easier re ceive mortgage credit, no matter he or she is the sub- prime borrowers or prime borrowers. As a result, sub-prime mortgage market had developed rapidly.Furthermore, a large portion of American preferred to buy a house in installment plan before the 2008 global financial crisis and some of them were sub-prime borrowers. Basic and Chine (1996, citied in Change and Chine, 2013 14) claim that people need more than enough fortune to certify their social status. This is why lots of American purchased a house in installment plan. Because of the higher interest rate, local banks were pleasured to borrow currency to these sub- prime borrowers. Goodhearted (2007) claims that in redact to assess the default risk, here is no experience that the legal injury of house has declined in the whole of America.However, the price of house started to fall from the end of 2006 in lots of areas of America (Goodhearted, 2007). Because the value of mortgage is less than the debts and the growing interest r ate, increasingly sub-prime borrowers gave up repaying currency to banks. Consequently, even though supplyers had sold these mortgages, it cannot cover the loss. In other words, the income gained by selling houses was not enough to offset the values of the credit and interest. As a result, these banks were suffering serious loss and some of them had to close down. 4 The link between Shoal article, representation theory and financial crisis In recent years, action theory is widely used in lots of corporation and regarded it as the fundamental theory of integrated governance. Agency theory has played an important role in traditional control systems. Moreover, in this theory, shareholders use the method of supervision and reward to control mangers and employees. It is the root of dominance theory to maximize the value of shareholders. Principals need to supervise agents whether they emphasis on shareholder interest when they are operating a corporation.However, Shoal (2005) stron gly points out hat this theory does not improve the companys performance, because it is analyzed by physical science and then neglect the moral and ethic of human. Because the different perspectives between shareholders and agents, they can make the diverse decisions. Thus some primary issues should be focused on in agency theory. Firstly, because of the diverse goals between principals and agents, how to align them has become thorny (Lehman and Continue, 2013 1). Secondly, how to guarantee agents carry out according to principals ideas. Lehman and Continue, 2013). Shareholders are interested in semipermanent strategies which can begetable evolve their corporations. In other words, in long-term strategies, shareholders value, such as stock price and dividends, can be maximized (Klein, 2009). In contrast, agents focus on short-term strategies so that they reject long-term strategies. In this way, they not only can effectively avoid unpredictable emergency which usually occur in lon g-term strategies, but also can get profit in a short time. It is why leaders Just pay attention to currently profit and overlook long-term development.For example, they whitethorn use inferior rude(a) material to manufacture (Lehman and Continue, 2013 1). As a result, current margin can increase however, they have overlooked some more corporation. Obviously, the loss of long-term cannot be estimated. This is similar as the sub-prime mortgage. Lenders prefer to lend currency to sub-prime borrowers, because of the higher interest rate. They can collect more properties in a short time. In addition, if the housing price is higher than the price of mortgages, borrowers will try their best to repay the debt, because they do not want to lose their house.To assume, if a mortgagor cannot timely repay, house, as a mortgage, will belong to the bank. Namely, when the bank sale this house, it can get extra property immediately. In this case, lending currency to borrowers, even though they are sub-prime borrowers, it is hardly to get damage to lenders. However, loaners have only noticed the short-term profit, therefore, they loaned mortgage to sub-prime borrowers instead of prime borrowers however, they had neglected sustainable development, especially when the price of house dramatically declined.In fact, when the housing price decreased, some borrowers preferred to give up the mortgage to lenders, especially the value of house is lower than the loans (Klein, 2009). In other words, banks only can receive these mortgages instead of the loans. As a result, huge loss derived these banks collapse. Furthermore, mortgage lender also can resell theses mortgage to enthronement bank. However, some of them had hided some information in order to a higher price (Klein, 2009). In this way, some drawback of mortgage cannot be known by a new buyer.What is worse, these shortcomings may be modified to become some advantages to attract others. This fraud and sharp practice had continuing occurred. Namely, there are increasingly investing companies were involved in this event. Nevertheless, because the housing price decreased, these mortgages had devalued, which caused a serious debt crisis. Shoal (2005) points out that business school should open some ethic courses to teach their students more accountable. Obviously, he has predicted this perspective.Initially, if lenders do not only pay attention to short-time strategies, they did not only pursue the minimization of value in a short time and preferred to lend currency to prime borrowers rather than sub-prime borrowers. Even though the price of house decreased, borrowers are bound to consider their reedit, because they do not want to be sort in sub-prime borrowers. Additionally, they had stable Jobs to ensure the possible of repayment. Namely, banks may not consistently suffer such a huge blow.Furthermore, in order to earn great profit, some agents had lent more than 20 times cash than the value the companys secu rity assets. Was (2010) convincingly points out that highly leveraged balance existed in some financial institutions. For example, investment banks liabilities-to-assets ratio was 0. 96 at the end of 2006 (Was, 2010). In other words, the majority of assert was borrowed. Even though these agents used insurance to transfer risk, blind hunting of interests had brought some huge hazard. Sometimes, if an agent is indeed regarded as a selfish man, it will damage the benefit of his or her corporation.Even though it may be average that agent should some underlying differences between physical science and business studies. In other words, some theories which are correct in physical science cannot be reasonably used in business studies. Eisenhower (1989, citied in Lehman and Continue, 2013 1) points out that it is a significant issue that if an agent makes a decision, it will be fisticuff for principals to hold in whether this decision is beneficial for the company, such as creative accoun ting which is seriously malignful the profit of corporation.Furthermore, managers may not want to spend capital on long-term research and development, because it can reduce the short-term interest (Lehman and Continue, 2013 2). Therefore, even though it seems exact that mangers should maximize the value of shareholders, Shoal discounts this view. He (200581) convincingly argues that this is the unrealistic assumptions and humans moral and ethic have been overlooked in this theory. In fact, shareholders and agents have the diverse goals, which meaner that shareholders are interested in long-term strategy oppositely, agents prefer to focus on the short-term strategy.Because of the unrealistic assumptions, agency problems which contribute to the 2008 global financial crisis are ignored. 3 Implication in article 3. 1 Stewardship can put off financial crisis In Shoals article, he argues that stewardship theory which can be alliterative to replace the agency theory can remit the problem between principals and agents (Shoal, 2005). Stewardship theory does not advocate personal interest, but the elective profit. In this theory, collective profit is higher than the personal benefit.Hernandez (2008) points out that agents and shareholders benefit can be line up in stewardship theory. Responsibility and psychological ownership are combined with the profit of shareholders (Block, 1996 Davis, Chairman, and Donaldson 1997 citied in Spheres et al, 20122). In other words, they have become a collective and the interests of collective have fast linked with personal profits. According to Hernandez (2008), employees can feel more responsible and fulfill their obligations in stewardship theory.Because the interest has become consistent, the conflicting goals may not exist. Compared with agency theory which monitoring is necessary between shareholders and agents, shareholders and staff can cooperate in a harmonious environment. Furthermore, stewardship is also beneficial for re alizing the interactions between sales effect and consumers (De Router, De Gong and Wetness 2009 Hernandez, 2008, citied in Spheres et al, 2012). Therefore, it is good for a corporation to pay attention to customers, staff and shareholders simultaneously.Take sub-prime crisis makes an assumption, if the majority of corporation accepted he stewardship theory instead of the agency theory before the 2008 global financial crisis, the credit tsunami might not occur or it was not as heavy as this. Interest among agents, shareholders and customers are tightly relevant. In other words, agents and shareholders may not only focus on the short-term profit and ignore long- place. Therefore, they may prefer to lend currency for prime borrowers while limit the amount of loans which is loaned to sub-prime borrowers.In addition, when lenders resell their mortgage, they may not deliberately hide weak information and ay not modify shortcomings in order to resell a higher price. Even though the agenc y theory has been extensively used in the world, Shoal has realized the drawback of it and try to replace it. The agency theory has contributed to the 2008 global financial crisis to a large degree. Namely, Shoal has forecasted the issue which has widely existed in the majority of companies. Furthermore, the stewardship theory advocated by Shoal can effectively remit the problems between shareholders and agents.It also can decrease the harm brought by financial crisis to some extent. 4 practice relevance 4. The power of government art object it can effectively decrease the probability of financial crisis that using the stewardship theory replaces the agency theory, it is not enough. Therefore, the power of government cannot be overlooked. Because it can cause economic bubble that a government continually slash interest rates or dramatically reduce interest rates. However, American government had constantly decrease the interest rate thirteen times from 2001 to 2003.As a result, it caused the boom of American real estate. In addition, the application condition of sub-prime mortgage had decreased. A large umber of people preferred to purchase a house in installment plan, which caused the 2008 global financial crisis. Therefore, except for the stewardship theory, government also should pay attention to the frequency and the range of decreasing rate. Excessively fast decline the interest rate or oversize decrease them may cause economic bubble, which can harm for the domestic financial market.What is worse, it can lead to global economic crisis. Thus improper regulations may indirect lead to financial crisis. In addition, it is important that government should limit the rate of the sub-prime mortgage in any investment bank. Klein (2009) points out that regulation which can defend financial marker should be built by government. In other words, reasonable legislative can effectively prevent financial crisis. Consequently, the effect of government cannot be ignored . It also can effectually hold dear financial market and prevent huge loss.While the dominant economic system is free marker, governmental macro-control, which is beneficial to the current economic system, is inevitable. 5 Conclusion Agency theory has described the relationship between principals and agents. Even Hough the foundation of the agency theory is to maximize the value of shareholder, Shoal (2005 81) convincingly points out that it is incorrectly built on an unrealistic crisis. Because sub-prime borrowers have the lower credit and lower repayment ability, when the value of mortgage was less than the loan, they preferred to give up repaying the debt.As a result, sub-prime lenders had to sustain the huge loss. However, agents only focused on the short-term profit. They preferred to loan currency to sub-prime borrowers. Therefore, borrowing currency to sub-prime borrowers had become a common phenomenon in that period. Even though Shoals article was published before the inter national financial crisis, he was still aware of the problems of agency theory in economic system. While agency theory is accepted by the majority of corporations, it still has some serious problems.

The Color Purple

English 102 24 April 2007 Awakening of an Abused Woman The Color Purple is set in the rural south and told through a series of letters written by the protagonist, Celie, chronicling her journey from pain and humiliation to triumph and rebirth. by dint ofout close to of her life she has been treated as a consideration. Her still worth as a woman is for cooking, cleaning, taking c be of the family and fulfilling mens desires. She has never been taught how to love or be loved and throughout most of the novel Celie is abused and very unhappy but she destines that this is the way women are supposed to live.It is not until she lets women into her life, which lead Celie to her epiphany, that she realizes that she deserves more out of her life and that she is worthy of respect. Through sharing human relationships with them, Celie sees how women should be treated from another perspective than what she has been taught by her family. Celies life is one of struggle and despair. The first l ine of the story is what her step founding father told her when she was only fourteen years old, after raping and impregnating her. This statement is so profound that it explains why she is so scared of men her whole life and emotionless to the things that are done to her.The line states, You better not never disunite nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy. (Walker, 1). It is then that she starts writing to God. She can not tell anybody what has happened to her, not even her child, Nettie, whom she is closest to at the time. Nettie wouldnt even understand, she thinks, because she is younger then Celie and Celie doesnt even understand what is going on. Celie feels the only way to go through life is to remain silent and persevere. Her only outlet is through her letters to God. Celies stepfather, Fonso, then marries Celie off to a widower who needs a mother for his children and someone to do the residence take a crap.The widower, Mr. ___, originally came for Netties hand in marriage but Fonzo refused. Fonso gives Celie to Mr. ____ instead, telling him She aint freshShe spoiled. Twice. , then he goes on to say, She slimy. But she aint no stranger to hard workplace. (Walker, 8). This is where Celies self worth is really certifyn to her. She feels that all she is good for is the hard work she accomplishes inside the home. The way the people closest to her talk about her in combination with all the bad things that has happened to Celie makes her feel worthless. She has very little self-worth and self-esteem.She is a fruit of excessive physical and mental abuse. The oppressive brutality of her life continues when she marries Mr. ___, who beats her and subjects her to a life of domestic servitude. Nettie later decides to run away from Fonsos kinsperson because of the constant abuse towards her and decides to move in with Celie and Mr. ___. Nettie sees that life is not that much better at Celies house and after Mr. ____ tries to rape her she decides that she mus t forget there, also. Consequently, Fonso tells Celie that he leave behind make sure her and Nettie never speak again.For many years after Nettie left she writes Celie letters, but Fonzo hides them before Nettie gets them. Fonso tries to break the only pose Celie had that brought her any happiness. It is not until Celie lets women into her life, once again, that her thinking starts to change. The first woman she becomes close to is her daughter- in- law, Sofia. Sofia is very strong and fierce, the total opposite of Celie, and she was not to be ruled oer by her husband or anyone else. Sofia fights back when her husband, Harpo (Mr. s Son), tries to rule her with an iron fist.Sofia refuses to be oppressed despite the prejudiced society of the 1930s south in which they all live. Sofia instills in Celie a modfound strength. Celie is so immersed in oppression, she accepts the point of view of Mr. she advises Harpo to beat Sofia. Thus, she agrees with her oppressor in the idea that a woman should only obey, work and be silent. After this moment of deep humiliation, Celie has the first serious conversation in the book. Sofia comes to see her, furious, and Celie has to explain her attitude. She discovers she is jealous of Sofias capacity to fight.This conversation is a new beginning for Celie. Both women find a moment of community, they do something together. The pronoun picuspic is finally used picI laugh. She laugh. Then us both laugh so hard us flop down on the steppic. (Averbach). The woman who has the most profound effect on Celie is Shug Avery, Mr. ___s mistress whom he has three children with. The reader would probably think that Celie would be deeply hateful of her husbands mistress. However, she is excited to meet her because Celie feels as though she is everything that Celie could never be.Her first words to Celie though were You sure is ugly (Walker, 46), which is probably the most dramatically reinforced proof that Celie has ever had of her own uglines s. Celie even notices that Shug calls Mr. ____ by his real name, Albert, which demonstrates to Celie that Shug is more than just a mere servant to Mr. ____ and that Mr. respects Shug unlike Celie. Mr. ____ goes out of his way to make Shug happy and shows her such respect. Celie doesnt understand why Shug is worthy of respect but she is not. This reiterates to Celie that Mr. ___ feels like he is superior to her but not to Shug.Shug stays with Celie and Albert for a while when she is sick and Celie takes care of her until she gets better. This is when Celie and Shug bond as woman and friends. Celie is so magnetized to Shugs independence and freedom that she loves spending this time with her. Shug is the only person, other than Nettie, who has ever treated Celie like a human being and enjoys her company. They share a romantic relationship later on, as well. The significance of Celie and Shugs sexual relationship is that Celie learns how to be proud of her body and that she learns how to use it to enjoy sexual intercourse.Celie has never truly enjoyed secretiveness with any other person. She did it simply because she felt she had to in order to make them happy. Celie becomes Shugs only true friend. Shug is a blues singer and everyone enjoys her while she is on degree or sleeping with them but when she was ill none of her so called friends visited her. Celie was the only one who took care of her and spent time with her when she couldnt be the life of the fellowship as she usually was. Shug, like Celie never had much affection in her life and never knew how to love or be loved.Shug wrote Celie a song to show her appreciation for Celie and sang it to Celie at one of her concerts. This made Celie feel so good because nobody had ever showed their appreciation for anything that she had ever done. Later on in the novel Shug finds the letters that Nettie had been writing Celie for years. Once Celie finds out that Mr. ___ hid all of Netties letters from her she feels a nger and betrayal towards Mr. ____ because she never felt that he would do something so hurtful to her. She was still fearful of him at this point, so she takes all the letters out of the envelopes and leaves the nvelopes, hoping that he wouldnt find out that she had found Netties letters. As she starts reading the letters she has an epiphany when she realizes that Mr. ____ tried to rape Nettie and that it was the real reason she left. She read of how Nettie was in Africa and how different it was compared to the small farm Celie has lived at most of her life. She finds out that her sister has been taking care of her two children that she had with Fonso and that Fonso was not her real father. Now she feels she has something to live for and that she does not bring to be trapped by Mr. __s abuse anymore. She has a whole new family, that she thought before were dead. She wants to kill Mr. ____ for hiding all this from her but Shug tells her not to because if she did she would never be able to see her family. Celie eventually leaves townspeople with Shug and Shugs husband, Grady, to live in Tennessee. As time goes by Celies step father passes away and Celie finds out that her real father left her his house and a dry good business. She has found a new independence by running this store. Shes excited because now that she has a house Nettie will have a place to return to.Celies relationship with Shug suffers many ups and downs. Shug had moved in with Celie in her new home but left to espouse a younger man. Celie still prevails because of her newfound independence as a business woman. Shug eventually returns and lives with Celie. As Celies confidence is built she starts to understand and yield Mr. _____. The strength of these women combined with their care for one another offer opportunities for all of them to continue growing, despite the racist and sexist world they live in.During the course of the book, they outcry together, laugh together, affirm life together, and share one anothers joys. They respect one another. They live in a world that Celie could never have imagined when she was fourteen. Due to her experiences with Shug, Sofia, and Nettie, Celie is able to triumph over the sexual and racial oppression that smothered many of her female ancestors. Works Cited Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York Harcourt, Inc. , 2003. Literature preference Center. Averbach, Margara. 1998. Gale Group. 23 April 2007 Pifer, Lynn. Find Articles. Winter 1998. 19 April 2007 .The Color Purple

Organizations Performance Essay

An organizations performance is vital for their success and it is important that all employees be on board with making sure the performance is of high quality. It differs from other evaluations within the company because the performance evaluation focuses on the organization as the patriarchal unit of analysis (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Within an organizations performance it helps determine the actual output or end results of an organization against the intended outputs or goals for the organization ( creasedictionary.com).The product market performance is also included in an organizations performance. Some tools can help the organization change or improve their policies on behalf of greater preparedness for the many futures ahead (NYUWagner, 2011). Different areas and tools are used to determine the organizations performance and how well they either are doing or how much improvement the organization needs to bring their performance up. Organizations ar e constantly trying to adapt, survive, perform and influence but that does not always entertain they are successful at doing what they do (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012).One way that an organization can better their performance is by conducting an organizational assessment to advert their current performance to see what is working and what could use a little bit of improvement. This tool can help organizations obtain useful data on their performance, identify important factors that aid or impede their achievement of results, and situate themselves with respect to competitors (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). The main four tools for organizational performance are potentiality, efficiency, relevance, and fiscal vi magnate.Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result (businessdictionary.com). This means that if something is considered to be effective then it has an intended or expected outcome which is what is used in the o rganizations to determine if what is set in line is working effectively or if additional changes need to be made. There is sufficient reason and means with effectiveness and that is to accomplish a persona.Without a purpose thither is not an effective meaning behind conducting business or maintaining a successful organization. Effectiveness is a very good tool for organizations and managers to interpret and become beaten(prenominal) with to be on the right track for success. Another tool that management should be familiar with and make sure the organization is doing is efficiency. skill is not to be confused with effective even though sometimes they are mixed up and confused. Efficiency describes the extent to which time, effort or cost is well used for the intended task or purpose (businessdictionary.com).Typically efficiency is used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or measuring of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Relevance is a basic tool but one that can help in the success of an organization. It is the ability to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user mostly in the terms of an informational retrieval system (businessdictionary.com). Management need to have relevance in vagabond to be successful because they need to be able to pull the necessary information from production, departments, and other sources to see if what is being produced or utilized is satisfying their requirements or not. For a business to be effective they need to strive for the best possible economic results from the resources currently employed or available (Drucker, 1963).Having an effective business is the key for the business to be able to grow and establish themselves as a company and within the community. Several different techniques are used to give up the business to become effect ive. One of the keys for successful management is to examine the marketplace and focus on the regale of management versus the output (Drucker, 1963). When focusing on the process of management it is important for the company to look at strategy, designingning and figureing and understand the difference between each of them yet understand how each one industrial intentt with each other to make it successful. Strategy is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty (businessdictionary.com). For a business to be successful they need to implement some sort of strategy.Strategy is important because it helps to utilize all of the resources that are available or could be available for the project at hand. Most of the time resources are usually limited and in order to achieve the goals that the company has set in place making sure the strategy is set in place leave behind help the process flow more smoothly. Strategy is also about attaining and mainta ining a position of advantage over the opponents, or competition that is able to have flexibility instead of having to stick to any specific fixed plan. By allowing there to be slight flexibility that allows the company to try to economize an advantage over the competition and stay ahead compared to the other organizations. Planning is the process of cerebration about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal (businessdictionary.com). Strategy could be considered the first tread and then planning would be the second step in achieving the desired goal for organizational success.Planning involves the construction and maintenance of a plan. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan or combination of it with other plans (NYUWagner, 2011). Planning typically combines forecasting of development with the preparation for how the organization should react to these situations. For the organization to remain successful it needs to unde rstand the importance and relationship between planning and forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look homogeneous or what the future might hold for the company and planning predicts what the future should look like (NYUWagner, 2011). Organizations that do not understand the difference between planning and forecasting will not be as successful as the organizations that do. This is because looking at the numbers of what something might look like and what it should look like are 2 different ways of planning.For a business to be successful the need to focus on planning so their predictions are what the future should look like to be successful and stay on the right path. Budgets are also incorporated with strategy and planning, they all intertwine together. A cipher is a three-figure expression of a plan for a defined period of time (businessdictionary.com). Several different factors can be associated within a budget much(prenominal) as sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expense, assets and liabilities, and even cash flows. The budget expresses strategic plans of business units, organizations, activities or events in measurable terms (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). For a company to have success in their daily operations they need to make sure the stay on budget and current with all of their projects. some(prenominal) organizations create a budget for each plan however they do not follow through with the budget. It is one thing to create a budget for a product and it is another thing to actually follow through with the budget and make sure everyone stays on track. If the company goes over budget then the planning and strategy process were not calculated correctly. Everyone involved within the project needs to be familiar with the strategy, plan and budget aspects to keep the organization successful and continue moving forward instead of always having to back track. It is easy to get off of track or to change the plan in the middle of the project. It is up to the organization and the team responsible for the project to keep the budget that they were assigned. Works CitedNYCWagner. (2011). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from http//www.NYCWager.com Evaluating the Performance of an Organization. (2012). Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http//www.smallbusinessnotes.com/managing-your-business/business-ethics.htmlixzz2afud6KU0 telephone line Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http//www.businessdictionary.com Ferrell. (2011). Business Ethics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kirby. (2012). Accounting Principles. McGraw.Zain, B. (2011). Strategic Management. Pittsburg McGraw.

List of Greek Mythology Characters Essay

there are many mythologies in the world, and all of these have things in common as salutary as differences. A truly popular mythology would be Greek mythology, Which many people know about it or at least know of it. some other not as popular mythology is Norse mythology Norse mythology is the religion of the Norse people. The Norse people are the ancient people of northern Europe (Scandinavia, Iceland, Denmark, Union Germany etc. ) (World Book 259). A major difference between Norse mythology and Greek mythology are both cultures views of the after life and what happens in that location.In Greek mythology there is one allotted place for people to go after death and once they are there they stay there for all eternity. In Norse mythology there are four different places for the dead Folkvang, Valhalla, Helheim, and Rans hall or the halls of Ran. Folkvang is the allotted area for your everyday warrior who fought and died and did nothing more. Valhalla is Odins hall where 800 of the bravest warriors go and train for the coming of Ragnarok (literally the give the axeing of the gods or the end of the world) (Wikipedia online).Helheim is literally the house or home of Hel Hel is the goddess of the underworlds Niflheim (land of fire and heat) and Helheim. Helheim is the place where one who didnt die gloriously(Wikipedia online) or in battle goes, those who died from diseases, accidents, old age, etc. Ran is the goddess of the sea and the drowned. She is said to sink ships and collect the drowned in a net and take them to her hall where they worry there. In Greek mythology they go to the underworld (or Hades) and they are then crackd and either got to Tartarus (hell) or the Elysian fields (heaven) (World Book 257).Folkvang, Valhalla, Helheim, and The Halls of Ran are four separate areas in the world of Norse mythology where as Hades is one and Tartarus and the Elysian fields are two places within Hades. Also each place in Norse mythology is based on four diff erent types of deaths, not by how you act (with the exception of Valhalla) but by how you died. Where as in Greek mythology there is a subconscious good and bad categorizing of your deeds and actions during your life rather than how you died. Another difference is the creatures.In Greek mythology there are three prefatorial non-human creatures the gods, the titans, and the nymphs. In Norse mythology there are 5 main non-human creatures the Aesir and Vanir (gods), the Jotnar (giants), the Alfar (Alfar), Svartalfar (dark Alfar), and the Valkyries. The Aesir and the Vanir are your basic extraordinary immortals, though in Norse mythology the gods were thought to be mortal, only if kept immortal by eating the apples of Idun. However, they could be slain even if they ate the apples.The Jotnar were giants or the Norse equivalent to the Greek titans, but the Jotnar did not crusade with the gods in a war like the titans did with the Greek gods. The Alfar are lesser gods that control natur e. Alfar are viewed as gods of fertility due to their connection to nature (agriculture specifically) theyre not actual gods in the sense it is used but more so magically inclined creatures. Finally are the Svartalfar or commonly referred to as dwarves, trolls, dark Alfar, or black Alfar.The Svartalfar arent anything like the Alfar they are regarded as being small, disfigured people who dwell in mountains and mounds and hate the light. The Svartalfar were master artificer and made many things for the gods such as Thors hammer (Mjollnir) a wall around Asgard (land of the gods) and countless rings. In Norse mythology they seem to have to clans or groups of gods, the Vanir and the Aesir. They dont appear to have any noticeable differences. The Vanir are referred to as lesser gods and are usually viewed as gods and goddesses of fertility.The Aesir are more of your ideal gods and goddesses with a supreme god or goddess and other gods and goddesses with standard roles (i. e. sea, music/ poetry or art, war, wisdom, beauty, etc). Valkyries are spirits that choose the wariors that go to Valhalla and take them their. There isnt much information on Valkyries other than them being the spirits that choose and guide the select few to Valhalla. There are only twenty-three of them. The Jotnar were created originally from the first Jotnar (Ymir). Ymir was killed by Odin and Odin created Midgard (land of humans) from his body.Ymir was created from the collision of Niflheim and Muspellheim (land of fog, ice, and cold) in the beginning from the sweat from his armpits were created the first two frost giants, male and female, and from them came the rest of the frost giants from his leg came in like manner another male giant. The Jotnar were known to mate with both the Aesir and Vanir. In Greek mythology the gods didnt mate with the titans. Also the nymphs were sometimes referred to as daughters of the gods where as the Alfar, Svartalfar, and Valkyries were not. (Keenan 54)Finally , Ragnarok, or the end of the world, is the biggest difference between Norse mythology and most all mythologies including Greek. Ragnarok is the essential end of the world although no actual destruction of the world comes to pass during it. Ragnarok is a very detailed battle where all the warriors from Valhalla fight with Odin and the rest of the Aesir against the Jotnar and Loki (the god of trickery). This cannot be compared to anything in Greek mythology Because Greek Mythology doesnt have an equeivalent to Ragnarok or anything close.In finding Norse mythology and often forgotten mythology is very different from many mythologies. Proof being in large difference between Norse and Greek Mythology. expiration isnt judged by your actions but by how you died. There are many more magically inclined creatures. Also the end of the world which no other mythology that I am aware of has. Works Cited Keenan, Sheila. Gods, Goddesses, and Monsters An Encyclopedia of World Mythology. New York Scholastic, 2000. Norse Mythology. (Online) Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Norse_mythology 3 May 2005. Teutonic Mythology. World Book. 2001 ed.

The Benefits of Vocational Education

The Benefits of Vocational Education Most gritty schools aim some form of vocational information program. Vocational learning is training for a specific biography or trade, excluding the professions. Vocational cultivation foc usages on practical applications of skills matched, and is gener wholey unconcerned with theory or tralatitiousistic academic skills. Students at vocational educational typically receive more hands-on, life story-minded education than students at traditional schools. Individuals are castn the opportunity to explore and identify potential rush goals, and are provided with the resources needed to action them.Most vocational education recognizes the importance of general academic studies as well as course preparation, and offer fully accredited higher(prenominal) school diplomas. Depending on a students abilities and interests, a vocational high school lavatory provide several advantages. Vocational training thus provides a link amid education and the operative world. It is usually provided either at the high school level or in a two year colleges. In my view, high school and biyearly colleges should offer vocational education because it will be benefit for students future.First of all, vocational education in high school focuses on specific training for a career or field. This hands-on training mickle be subservient in high school as students make decisions that will affect the rest of their lives. Manyvocationalhighschools provide students with career preparation in health care, computer science,education, business, and any number of exceedingly specialized trades. Individuals have the opportunity to gain the knowledge and become necessary to become carpenters, electricians, machinists, painters, plumbers, or different victors.Some programs administer licensing or certification examinations in such programs that allow students to become eligible for workout immediately after graduation. Many high school juniors an d seniors have yet to choose a decisive career field and path to pursue. Though a student may be most indisput suitable that the college path is definitely non the peerless she wants to follow, a career still must be chosen for the sake of finding a place in the workforce. For students who have not chosen a career yet, technological training is a good way to get hands-on experience in areas that may interest that student.There are students who are reliable as to what career they would like to join as a high school graduate. For this group, high school vocational education becomes a preparatory spear for those students who already know they want to work in the nursing profession, for instance. Also a wide variety of vocational education programs for high school students can provide hands-on experience in a real work environment. These skills can provide long-term benefits, as high school students can learn to adapt to new situations and acquire necessary problem solving sk ills.Success in vocational-education programs can develop work ethic, feelings of self-worth, communication skills and the mogul to relate to others, as well as life skills that are classical in the transition to post-high school life. Vocational-education programs can provide a positive learning environment in which students have first-hand knowledge of managing their time, finances and other aspects of their lives. The focus of vocational-education programs is for high school students to develop tools, so they can succeed. Many high school students have no work experience by the time they excrete the junior or senior year.High school technical education provides work experience to all students, including those who had none previous to the attendance in vocational education situations. Most health occupation technical education classes, for example, prepare students for the field of nursing and take place in an actual hospital or nursing facility. In these instances, students a re required not only to perform in a professional manner the tasks assigned to them, but other real-life workplace expectations are placed on students regarding having a unbend appearance, being on time and respecting a chain of command, for example.Vocation or technical training education not only provides high school students with the exponent to develop skills at present, but can too prepare them for the workforce and increase the opportunity to access creases later. Vocational programs can be either at schools with basic classes in the trade, on actual job sites or both. Work on actual job sites allows students the opportunity to work with company employees and clients on a regular basis. The ability to work on projects on-the-scene(prenominal) can help students understand if it is the even off area for them and provide a net running(a) opportunity to talk almost the field with seasoned professionals.Such programs can help provide basic knowledge with real working experie nce necessary to enter the workforce directly after high school without a college degree. on-site programs ofttimes offer a individualalized approach with specific deadlines to meet and the support of a wise man who can answer questions and provide guidance in the subject area. If a student shows serious interest, employers often invest in them to replace those who are retiring in the workforce as employers look at them as trained applicants with the ability to perform in a masterful occupation.Even employers who require a college education may offer the opportunity for students to come back and be considered for first hire. In addition, interest in vocation-education programs in high school can help a person decide if this is the right career choice and avoid investing in an education that wont be used. This can give them the ability to make critical decisions regarding their education. For instance, in some states, schools have started to offer student-teaching opportunities fo r seniors in high school. These programs offer the ability to work one-on-one with a teacher who is a mentor.Unfortunately, legion(predicate) colleges save the student teaching experience until the last year of the degree, making it difficult for someone to really know whether they want to teach. Furthermore vocational educations of two-year College also have benefits for students. First, a degree or certificate is an accomplishment that no one can take away from us. Two-year colleges give the opportunity to advance our career or merely learn about careers that interest us. Once we have found a career path we enjoy, we can begin taking courses and working toward our degree.Most technical colleges will help us complete our plug into degree (or certificate program) in one or two years, depending upon our field of study. Second, the diplomas and associates degrees that students earn after end a two-year course are recognized by companies and employers as proof of a persons technica l abilities. Their degree, even if its not a four-year course degree, gives them an advantage when applying for jobs that require specific technical skills. For example, a person who completed a wo-year course in clerical and office management will know practices in filing essential documents and can be considered for a secretarial job. Graduates of technical colleges are also extremely trained in their specialization because most of the two years c all over an extensive internship and application of knowledge. For example, a welder who finishes a degree in a two-year technical college has probably accomplished several projects in a real welding shop during his or her internship. Another major advantage of a two-year college is the availability of job placement resources.Guidance counselors at two-year colleges typically have access to career information and a number of different resources for students who want to find immediate work while care courses or after they graduate. In ad dition, many employers and labor unions are closely affiliated with vocational schools, and give preference to job applicants who have completed such programs. With recommendation from guidance counselors and teachers, many students are able to obtain paid apprenticeships or entry-level jobs with ease. Critics say that the nature of two-year courses can be considered a ambiguous sword.Although it allows students to graduate early and work right away, it can also instill the employment market of certain technical skills. For example, a lot of welders graduate every two years, but the need for welders in a certain city or area may not actually meet the supply. Some effected companies also prefer graduates of four-year courses since there is a belief that four-year degree holders are more trained in their chosen field. For example, a graduate of a two-year IT course may find it hard to struggle with a computer engineer who has a four-year degree.Furthermore, Teachers are primarily hired for their technical knowledge and not on their teaching skills. While these professionals often are very good at what they do, it can be hard to convey that information in a way that other people can use and learn. This can be a major drawback. Since it takes two years or less to complete many vocational programs, the schools can graduate a lot of students in a short span. This can saturate the job market with people who all have the same skills and training.If the school does not provide or require internships or hands-on experience, this can be another obstacle for graduates. In conclusion, vocational education offers training for specific jobs. Since vocational training often begins in high school, students can graduate vigilant to take a high-paying, skilled job immediately. Graduates of trade or vocational schools have an advantage over informally trained job-seekers because an independent organization certifies that they have the skills needed to successfully perform a specific, skilled occupation.According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 88 percent of public high schools and 29 percent of private high schools offer some type of vocational program. a well-administered vocational education for high schools and two-year colleges will have multiple benefits. It will expand students horizons and help them become ready for the working world. It will benefit the world-work also by providing needed workers. Therefore, governments should create vocational education program as well as possible as an investment in everyones future.References http//www. ehow. com/info_7853695_disadvantages-vocational-schools. hypertext mark-up language http//www. ehow. com/list_6514932_technical-school-disadvantages. html http//www. ehow. com/info_8505391_pros-high-school-provides-jobs. html http//www. ehow. com/about_5387981_high-provide-students-job-skills. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocational_education http//www. collegeview. com http//careers. stateuniversity. com/pages/854/Vocational-Training. html http//www. debate. org/debates/Vocational-Training-in-High-School

Analysing A Contract Of Affreightment Engineering Essay

This is Scenario where we have to dissect 1-year Contract of Affreightment ( COA ) to provide 1,750,000 deliberate function unit tons of Fe ore to the Isdemir Fe & A steel work, flop. COA write out where channel proprietor agrees to trans wayhole a series of pack packages for a fixed m whizztary assess per ton ( Stop Ford M, 2009, pg.183 ) or it is an understanding amid an proprietor and a charterer to trans look a accustomed measure of remove or measure as ask by the charterer during a devoted period of range. The proprietor is free to make up ones mind which vas he leave alone utilize. As Operation removeor of Comp some(prenominal) we have to excrete out whether to offer for this beget or non. In the contract two upshot appearances ar Ponda order attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) for 810,000 metric tons and easterly intercourse Is, Dampier ( Australia ) for 940,000 Fe ore.Based on the appraisal, Manager has to happen the low Time charter aim by best possible operation of the majority attack aircraft carrier. For happening Time charter tantamount tax we have to see several factors sand traps, port charges, earth-closetal dues. Stowage factor for Fe ore is 0.40 M3 per metric ton. All Cargo mince ins are of equal volume and surrogate circumscribes 2, 4, 6 & A 8 are empty. In this scenario port charges for Isdemir and Ponta da Madeira is providen. Dampier port speak to to be calculated merely sing port dues and navigation merely. Ship sand trap is to be planned one time in a unit of ammo maritime ride. It is to be conn wherever monetary entertain is cheaper. Current marketplace value is attached in appendix.Now, I leave alone discourse the each inquiry in particular proposition one by one as follows.Undertaking 1 approximate the maximal measure of Fe ore that gouge be carried from each incumbrance port, based on the embark s design bill of re-sentencing deadweight, and the enthral s clasp useFor the computation of maximum measure of Fe that ship tin transport depends on the deadweight of the ship. Deadweight is normall(a)y denotes Ship transporting capacity in metric tons.Deadweight includes weight of Fuel, shops, piddle, changeless which call for onboard ship.Deadweight of this majority newsboy is given as 137,000 metric tonsDwt of ship =137,000tChangeless = 500tFresh H2O = 300tSince Constant and Fresh H2O unavoidable all the coif on-board ship. So, we subtract it from ship transporting capacity.Now, Ship rouse transport = 136, 200tThis value anyhow includes the Fuel weight for one unit of ammunition navalic slip of paper fat ocean locomote ponta district attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) -Isdemir ( Meleagris gallopavo ) -ponta da Madeira ( Brazil ) Sea Distance between Isdemir- ponta district attorney Madeira = 5201 nanometer ( via Gibraltar )( Please refer to http //e-ships.net/dist.htm viewed on 24th Sep. 2010 ) bout the ocean miscue distance = 10,402 nanometerShip speed= 14.2 ( Given ) absolute Sea clip required jump in a higher place distance = 30.5 yearssSing 10 % possible delays= 33.6 yearss ( 1 ) look TimeHarmonizing to the Appendices 1 & A 2 of the contract loading/Discharging rate shall be 40,000 W.M.T ( Wet measured Tonnes ) per conditions working two dozen hours.If we consider commitments that ship stinkpot transport with changeless and fresh Water = 136, 200t ( 3 ) make full rate at Ponda district attorney Madeira = 40,000 w.m.t.Approximate laytime in port Ponda district attorney Madeira = 3.05 yearssDispatching rate at Isdemir = 40,000 w.m.tApproximate Laytime in Isdemir = 3.05 yearss consummate clip in ports = 6.1 yearssSing 10 % possible hold s = 6.7 yearss ( 2 )From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) integral figure of yearss for one ocean rouse = 40.3 yearssAs chief engine fuel usance is 42.4t of IFO per twenty-four hours at MCR and 10t of MDO per twenty-four hours at sea and in port.IFO required for 33.6 yearss = 1424 T ( 1a )MDO required for 33.6 yearss = 336 T ( 2a )MDO required in port for 6.7 yearss = 67 T ( 2c ) inviolate Tonnes of fuel Required =1826 T ( 4 )From ( 3 ) & A ( 4 )Now, ut well-nigh Fe ore that Ship can transport for this routes = 134, 374t( B ) Round ocean stumbler Dampeir ( Australia ) Isdemir ( Meleagris gallopavo ) Dampier ( Australia )Sea TimeSea Distance between Isdemir- Dampeir ( Australia ) = 6479nm ( via Suez )( Please refer to http //e-ships.net/dist.htm viewed on 24th Sep. 2010 )Round the ocean trip distance = 12,958 nanometerShip speed = 14.2 ( Given )Entire Sea clip required cover higher up distance = 3 8.0 yearssSing 10 % possible hold s = 41.8 yearss ( 5 )Port TimeHarmonizing to the Appendices 1 & A 2 of the contract loading/Discharging rate shall be 40,000 W.M.T ( Wet Metric Tonnes ) per conditions working twenty-four hours.If we consider ladings that ship can transport with changeless and fresh Water = 136, 200tLoading r ate at Dampier = 40,000 w.m.t.Approximate laytime in port Dampier = 3.05 twenty-four hoursDispatching rate at Isdemir = 40,000 w.m.tApproximate Laytime in Isdemir = 3.05 yearssEntire clip in ports = 6.1 yearssSing 10 % possible hold s = 6.7 yearss ( 6 )From ( 5 ) and ( 6 )Entire no of yearss for one ocean trip = 48.5 yearssEntire necessity of Fuel for virtuoso Round naval tripAt SeaAs chief engine fuel usance is 42.4t of IFO per twenty-four hours at MCR and 10t of MDO per twenty-four hours at sea and in port.IFO required for 41.8 yearss = 1424 T ( 7a )MDO required for 41.8 yearss = 336 T ( 7b )MDO required in port for 6.7 yearss = 67 T ( 7c )Entire Tonnes of fuel Required =2,258 T ( 7 )From ( 3 ) & A ( 7 )Now, Maximum Fe ore that Ship can transport for this routes = 133, 942tUndertaking 2Calculate the monetary value per metric ton of lading from each lading port to Isdemir. The circular ocean trip costs per metric tons are required for and up and trail service, get downing at the burden ports.For the computation of embody per tones in each ocean trip we have to happen out cost incurred by port operation, fuel use, channel theodolite, sackning the vas. On the footing of navigate cost, running cost and lading carried by ship we can happen the Cost per metric ton. Now we pull up s bear offs happen Voyage cost and running cost based on given informations and consequences of inquiry 1.( a ) Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney MadeiraWe volition happen the Fuel cost foremost. We know Entire tones of IFO and MDO required for one unit of ammunition ocean tripFrom ( 1a ) , ( 2b ) & A ( 2c )Entire tones of IFO required = 1424 TEntire tones of MDO required =403 TIFO= $ 435 /tonesMDO= $ 640 /tones( Please refer hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.bunkerworld.com viewed on 24th Sep.2010 )Cost for 1424 T of IFO = $ 619, 440Cost for 403 T of MDO = $ 257, 9 20Entire fuel cost = $ 877, 360 ( 8 )Port CostPort cost given for these two ports are as followsPonda district attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) = $ 45,000Isdemir ( turkey ) = $ 35,000Entire port cost = $ 80,000 ( 9 )On this runway at that place will non be any canal dues as vas will sail via GIBRALTAR, so there is no canal cost on this bridle-path.There is no CANAL DUESSo, from ( 8 ) & A ( 9 )Ocean trip Cost = $ 957, 360 ( 10 )Runing CostAS Ship running cost given as $ 6000 per twenty-four hours which include rewards of crew, wait on of ship, shop, insurance, disposal etc.From ( 1 ) & A ( 2 ) entire no of yearss for one unit of ammunition ocean trip = 40.3 yearssRuning cost for 40.3 yearss = $ 241,553 ( 11 )From ( 10 ) & A ( 11 )Run COST + voyage COST = $ 1, 19 8,193 ( 12 )Now from ( 3 ) & A ( 4 )Maximum lading that ship can transport = 134, 374t ( 13 )So, from ( 12 ) & A ( 13 )We have entire ocean trip co st, running cost and lading that ship can transport for unit of ammunition the ocean trip.Cost per metric ton = $ 8.91( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) Dampier ( Australia ) Fuel CostFrom the ( 7a ) , ( 7b ) , ( 7c ) we can prosperous happen the entire measure of IFO and MDO required for one unit of ammunition Ocean tripEntire tones of IFO mandatory =1773 TEntire tones of MDO required=485tTaking market mean sand trap monetary value as follows IFO= $ 435 /tonesMDO= $ 640 /tones( Please refer hypertext transfer protocol //www.bunkerworld.com viewed on 24th Sep.2010 )Entire cost for 1773t of IFO = $ 771, 255Entire cost for 485 T of MDO= $ 310, 400Entire fuel cost = $ 1081655 ( 14 )PORT CostPort cost for Isdemir ( Turkey ) = $ 35,000 ( given )Port cost Dampier is to be calculated on the sing port dues and navigation charges merely. We can entree schedule charges by Dampier port authorization by sing spare-time activity site which is b esides attached in appendix and mentioned in mentions.( hypertext transfer protocol //www.dpa.wa.gov.au/Port-Facilities/Schedule-of-DPA-Charges.aspx/ HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //www.dpa.wa.gov.au/Port-Facilities/Schedule-of-DPA-Charges.aspx/ Access on Sep. 24 Entree on Sep. 24, 2010 )As GT of ship is given 73,999tPort due charges are to be calculated=0.1916/tonnesPort dues will be= $ 14178.20 ( 15 )We will non see incapacitate fee as vas has company does nt necessitate to be at g twist tackle water travel CAHRGES For the vas entrance and going from the port greater than 10,000 GRT the navigation charges are $ 8,846.64 for both ways. We will besides see the navigation Exemption fee $ 810.So, Entire navigation charges would be = $ 9656.64 ( 16 )From ( 15 ) & A ( 16 )Port cost at Dampier = $ 23, 834 ( 17 )So when calculate the Port cost for Isdemir ( Turkey ) with Port cost at DampierEntire port cost round the ocean trip = $ 58834 ( 18 ) television channel CostOn this routes vas would be go bying through Suez Canal, so we have to happen the bell charges by canal authorization on both manner that is with slicked ship and ballast ship.Suez Canal net tunnage ( SCNT ) =67,109t( Mentioning hypertext transfer protocol //www.suezcanal.gov.eg/calc.aspx Access on Sep. 24th 2010 )On this formalized site of Suez Canal 1 can happen approximative toll charges per theodolite based on SCNT. These are as followsDampier Isdemier ( flush(p) ship ) = $ 151, 995,Isdemier Dampier ( ballast ship ) = $ 129, 288These values are calculated with the aid of official Suez Canal site which attach in appendix of this study.Entire cost Canal dues round the voyages= $ 281283 ( 19 )From ( 14 ) , ( 18 ) , ( 19 ) .Voyage cost= $ 1, 421, 772 ( 20 )Run CostEntire no of yearss for one unit of ammunition ocean trip =48.5 yearssAs running cost per twenty-four hours for ship= $ 6000 ( given )Run ing cost for ocean trip for 48.5 days= $ 291, 000 ( 21 )Ocean trip cost + Running cost together will give entire disbursals for coveted figure of lading.From ( 20 ) & A ( 21 )Ocean trip cost + Running cost= $ 1, 712, 722 ( 22 )Now, we have Voyage cost, running cost, Fe ore that ship can transport so we can happen out the Cost per unit.Maximum lading that ship can carry=134, 374tFrom ( 22 )Cost per metric ton = $ 12.75 ( 23 )Undertaking 3Calculate the clip charter alike ( trichloroethane ) for each path, presuming a COA lading rate of $ 15 per metric ton ( passe Ponta da Madeira ) and $ 20 per metric ton ( ex Dampier ) ( include 3 % agent s committee on the clip charter ) .Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney MadeiraFreight rate given for this Voyage is $ 15 per metric ton. If we consider that ship carries Maximum lading in a ocean trip.From ( 13 )Maximum lading that ship can carry= 134, 374tRate = $ 15per metric tonSo, Entire despatch for 134, 374t of Fe ore = $ 2, 015, 610 gross ( 24 )This Gross value includes the 3 % agent committee, therefore subtracting that from gross value.Net cargo value = $ 1, 955, 142 cyberspace ( 25 )Now, in order to happen out Time charter equivalent ( TCE ) that includes the ocean trip cost and does nt include the running cost. TCE is a standard manufacturing step of the mean day-to-day gross public presentation of a vas. The TCE rate achieved on a given ocean trip is expressed in US $ /day and is by and gigantic calculated by deducting ocean trip disbursals, including sand traps and port charges, from ocean trip gross which will give Gross ocean trip overplus. Then spliting by entire no of yearss in ocean trip will give Gross day-to-day excess.From ( 10 ) & A ( 25 )Gross Voyage surplus= $ 997, 782Dividing this value by no of yearss in ocean trip will give us Gross day-to-day excessEntire no of yearss 40. 3 yearssGross day-to-day excess = $ 24, 758Now, if we include 3 % agent committee so it will give usTime charter Equivalent = $ 742, 74 per twenty-four hours( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) Dampier ( Australia ) Freight rate for this ocean trip given is $ 20 per metric ton in the same we can happen the Time charter value for this pathMaximum lading that ship can carry=133, 942tRate= $ 20 per metric tonFreight earn in one unit of ammunition voyage= $ 267, 8840 grossSubtracting 3 % agent committee from above gross value = 259, 847, 5 ( 26 )Subtracting ocean trip disbursals from above will give us gross ocean trip excessFrom ( 20 ) & A ( 26 ) 1, 421, 772Gross ocean trip excess value= $ 1, 176, 703If we divide this by no of yearss in a ocean trip so it will give usGross day-to-day excess = $ 24, 261Adding 3 % agent committee to above will give us Time charter tantamount valueTime charter value= $ 7, 278, 3 per twenty-four hoursUndertaking 4Calculat e the figure of the cargos needed to finish the entire Fe ore tunnages from each lading port and the ship velocities required for every bit spaced glidings throughout the twelvemonth.( a ) Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney Madeira calculate of cargos needed on this path to finish the contract can establish on the footing of ship transporting capacity.On this path upper limit lading that ship can transport = 134, 374tIron ore to transported through this path = 810,000t ( Given )If we divide Iron ore measure to the maximal lading that ship can transport, that will give us figure of cargos required to finish the contract.No of cargos = 7Here, Ship requires seafaring of 7 times with laden lading and 6 times as ballast ship in order to finish the contract.Ship velocity on this path can be adjusted to 14.0 knots which will give 44 twenty-four hours s unit of ammunition ocean trip seafaring. This manner, it can be 44 yearss of every bit spaced seafaring o ver about 295 yearss.( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) Dampier ( Australia ) Same manner, we can happen for this path excessively.Maximum lading that ship can carry=121102tEntire measure of Iron ore to be transported=940,000tDividing measure of Fe ore by maximal lading that ship can transport will give usNo of shipments=8In this instance ship is required to pass through Suez Canal 8 times with laden lading and 7 times as ballast ship for the completion of contract. So, canal dues are different for laden ship and ballast ship, so to be considered carefully.Ship velocity on this path can be adjusted to 14.1 knots with laden lading and 14.2 knots with ballast ship which will give 52 yearss of circular ocean trip seafaring. So, each ocean trip could be of every bit separated 52 yearss. On this path, at least one cargo required to be completed by early(a) ship which could be the ship on Ponda district attorney Madeira path. . If 52 yearss round ocean trip sea faring is to be considered with one ship, it will take about 395 yearss which is beyond the contracted period. Initially, one ship can get down the lading work on this path and subsequently, can be joined by ship which will run on the Ponda district attorney Madeira path.Entire 2 ships will be required for completion of needed tunnage of Fe ore and contract.Undertaking 5Sum up the flattop s contractual duties in respects ofA A A A a ) Requirements for ships on the contractA A A A B ) Nominating ships for each cargoA A A A degree Celsius ) belongings the loading ballad can schedule and effects for nonA A A A vitamin D ) Delays and divergences en pathA A A A vitamin E ) Presentment on reaching at burden and electric discharge ports.This is contract issued by General board of directors of ISDEMIR for pellets, ball and all near Fe ore. date of the contract is clearly mentioned in the contract. Quantity tunnage allowance is given as A10 % to be considered for reasoning the contract between ISDEMIR and Carrier. There are several issue which may push the services over the period of clip. It may be type of vas, cargo, penalisation, cargo rate, payment, and 3rd party engagement, cancellation of contract, deplume majeure, and public presentation bond. This issue can be discussed in summarized signifier as belowRequirement for ships on the contractCarrier has to utilize the ship which he enlisted in his offer or any change should be done with permission of ISDEMIR and trafficker. If ship is of foreign flag so it will requires benignity of Import section. Ship should non be of south Cyprus flag in any instance. Ship has to be with smart holds and ready for lading in all facets. Ship s lading clasp hatches should be dependant for H2O stringency by categorization of society. Vessel should hold P & A I club insurance to cover the charter period. Concluding demand for ship is that it should hold category throughout the contractual period certified by categorizat ion of society.Nominating ship for each cargoNomination of vessel shall take topographic point 20 yearss prior to commencement day of the month of lading laycan. In bankruptcy to make so ISDEMIR has wholly right to impact the conveyance on the footing of name and story of bearer. All the right to sing cancellation of day of the month of ballad yearss is reserved by ISDEMIR, Carrier has concur to revised ballad yearss. Loading laycan agenda has to be agreed by three party ISDEMIR, marketer and bearer. Loading laycan agreed upon by ISDEMIR and bearer before contract should non divert. However, if bearer request change of lading laycan so ISDEMIR will hold all right to accept or reject it. It will be treated as without lading laycan even if it is ratified by ISDEMIR. The full demurrage claim by marketer which may originate due to change in lading laycan agenda shall be borne bearer. If ISDEMIR rejects the change so bearer has to follow original laycan differently it may take heavy punishment, cancellation of contract. It is discussed in avocation subdivision.Keeping the loading laycan agenda and effects for nonLoading laycan factor is rightfully of import in this contract as it is involved with keeping agenda, change of vas, or any hold which may impact agenda of left over(p) vas. whatsoever hold which is caused by vas without informing ISDEMIR may ensue in terrible punishment or expiration of contract. All the losingss, amendss or any claim by marketer should be borne by bearer under this status irrespective of original laycan. If the burden laycan is affected except the force majeure, bearer will be apt to pay USD $ 3,000 for each twenty-four hours up to 5 yearss, from 5th twenty-four hours onwards he will pay US $ 6,000 per twenty-four hours. If the hold period exceeds 15 yearss ISDEMIR has right to call off the contract. ISDEMIR has the right to acquire the same conveyance trade done by another ship-owner/charterer. If loading laycan agenda is effect ed by force majeure event so vas will non lift any liabilities due to this. Any hold should non transcend more than 15 yearss otherwise ISDEMIR will hold all right and same trade may be fulfilled by same bearer or another ship-owner/charterer. Any hold occurred should be approved by ISDEMIR and invariably reported to them otherwise once more bearer will be apt for all losingss, amendss and claims.Delaies and divergences en pathAny hold which will happen during the contract period excepting force majeure event apt for punishment if it is non approved by ISDEMIR. Carrier should do certain that any alteration in lading laycan reported to ISDEMIR punctually approved. In any instance hold period should non transcend 15 yearss if this happens ISDEMIR will hold all right to take any action which they think appropriate. If the hold occurred at lading port bearer shall be apt to pay US $ 5,000 per twenty-four hours and US $ 10,000 per twenty-four hours after 10th twenty-four hours.In the c ontract under General term subdivision 12 it is clearly mentioned that divergence from direct path should non happen except for the fuel replenishment or force majeure without ISDEMIR blessing. Once vas is loaded it should direct canvas to droping port without naming any port.Presentment of reaching at burden and discharge portsCarrier or shipmaster has to give the definite ETA and tunnage to be loaded. Vessel geting at lading port should give the verification to ISDEMIR, marketer of 10 yearss, 7days, 48 hour, 24 hour prior reaching to lading port. In instance of dispatching port it has to follow same process that is inform marketer and ISDEMIR, sum loaded unequivocal ETA for ISDEMIR port prior 10 yearss, 7days,48 hour and 24 hour.All the presentment or grooming at burden port should be received during weekdays Monday-Friday between 0800 to 1700 hour and on Saturday between 0900 to 1300 hours. Any notice after 1300 hours on Saturday shall be count as 0800 hours of following on the job twenty-four hours. Notice of preparedness can be tendered mundane between 0800 to 1700 hours and any notice after this clip will considered at 0800 hours of following twenty-four hours. Laytime will be counted after 24 hours of tendering and credence of the notice of preparedness.Undertaking 6Sum up your reserve sing costs and gross, finishing the cargos to agenda and the suitableness of the ships for the COA. Recommend, with ground, whether the company should or should non subject a command for this contract, based on current cargo market conditions and any other relevant considerations.The contract invites freight offers $ 15 per metric ton ( antique Ponda da Madeira ) and $ 20 per metric ton ( ex Dampier ) for the 810,000 and 940,000 tunnage of Fe ore singly. In the ocean trip appraisal cost per metric ton for antique pool district attorney Madeira and ex Dampier comes $ 10.57 and $ 16.65 severally ( carry see the excel sheet ) . Gross ocean trip excess for antique Ponda di strict attorney Madeira path is $ 748,623 and gross day-to-day excess is $ 16,983 per twenty-four hours whereas Gross ocean trip excess on ex Dampier path is $ 644,958 and gross day-to-day excess is $ 12,412 per twenty-four hours. Now, if Net ocean trip excess to be discussed on ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path once more it gives really sound figure with $ 484,138 while on ex Dampier path it is $ 333,175.The net day-to-day excess on antique Ponda district attorney Madeira path is $ 10,983 per twenty-four hours and on the ex Dampier path it is $ 6,412 per twenty-four hours ( delight see excel sheet ) Here, this is clear that antique Ponda district attorney Madeira path is more economic asnet day-to-day excess on this path higher than ex Dampier path. Ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path more money generating and can be easy completed with every bit spaced seafaring over the contract period.Cargos required on the both the path ex Ponda district attorney Madeira and ex Dampi er path are 7 and 8. On the ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path it will take 295 yearss with 44 yearss every bit spaced sailing which can be easy fulfilled. On the other manus, on the ex Dampier path it will take 395 yearss complete the contract with one ship. So, it is required to hold one cargo acquire done with another ship. This could be the ship which runs on ex Ponda da path. The ship which will run on the ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path will hold adequate clip to finish the needed tunnage of Fe ore hence can be easy do one cargo on the ex Dampier path. turtle ship will be most suited for this contract as they can easy raise the over 100,000 metric tons of lading. Capsize ship