Study on the effects of occupational therapy

Study on the effects of personal line of credital therapyOccupational therapy (OT) is most assist sight of all ages channelize and improve their ability to perform their periodical feignivities that occupy their time in their surroundings (Hussey, Sabonis-Chafee, OBrien, 2007). The surround to which some tree trunks whitethorn craving to perform tasks could be in home, work, school or community engrafttings (Hagedorn, 2000). The roles of occupational therapists (OTs) ar to work with item-by-items to help them achieve a fulfilled and contented state in life (Crepeau, Cohn, Schell, 2009). Activities or interventions may be utilize to achieve functional results that promote health, prevent injury or hinderance so that individualist may become independent as a result. OTs work with a range of people that may halt conditions that be mentally, physically, developmentally, socially or emotionally disadvantaged (Crepeau, et al., 2009). Therefore they help individuals to develop, call up or reserve their skills to be adequate to conduct activities that they deem authorised.The reasonableness why OTs wants to find out rough a persons occupation is to finalise what is important to the individual and how they may conduct these occupations and how all these occupations contrisolelye to the great unspoiled of health. A persons occupational executing is influenced by their health and the extremity for individualised satisfaction in what they do (Crepeau, et al., 2009). This is why OTs may conduct consultations before implementing interventions. It is a way for OTs to collect informed information regarding to the ineluctably of individuals and what they find important in their lives. The initial reference would be just about gathering basic information about the individual and going by dint of name, age, occupation and what important roles they have in their lives. As OTs, it is very important that focus is guest-centred and allow knobs t o evaluate their performance and the importance of roles in their lives.The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) archetype is a lymph node-centred lay that is utilise to improve the performance of individuals in their fooling lives (Christiansen Baum, 2005). The model was developed in 1985 and was first published in 1991. The PEOP model includes the interactions of occupation, performance and participation that atomic number 18 come to between the person and environment when they carry out their activities in their daily lives. The model talks about the personal factors and environmental factors that support enable or restrict the performance of individual to their activities, tasks and roles that are set in their lives. In the PEOP model, OT intervention is a method of using a wide range of invitee-centred strategies that connect the individual or group to develop or accustom sources that enable them to successfully perform necessary and signifi brush offt oc cupations. It takes into account that satisfaction of performing occupations is relate to the individual or group goals and environmental factors that may or may not inhibit participation.The PEOP model has four major components. These four components are occupations, performance, person and environment (Christiansen Baum, 2005). It describes what people want or need to do in their daily lives (occupation), the act of performing the occupation (performance), and how psychological, physiological, neurobehavioral, cognitive and un sub twistny factors (person) combine with the location the occupation is conducted (environment) influence success. The individual ability or skills is what determine whether the individual is competent to do what they must to meet personal needfully. The individual must work on white plague of resources that are available in spite of appearance the environment to effectively meet these needs. The model similarly has the belief that the situations wh ere people timber success overly help them feel good about themselves. Therefore it acts as a motivator to allow individuals to face challenges with confidence. It is say in Christiansen Baum, that fulfilment comes both from feelings of mastery as well as the accomplishment of goals that have personal meaning (Christiansen Baum, 2005). This indicates that individual will feel more than accomplished doing occupations that they worry doing and is important to them, rather than something they dont find important. concord to Henry Kramer, discourseing is a shared verbal experience, jointly constructed by the interviewer and the interviewee, unionized around the asking and adjudicateing of forelands (Crepeau, et al., 2009). Asking good questions is not a natural phenomenon and requires practice (Miller, 2009). This is why intercourse skills are essential in interviewing. Interviewing requires three key elements, questioning, active auditory modality and interpreting body c ongresswoman communication (OToole, 2008 Williams, 1997). The aim of an interview is to collectively obtain information, offer advice, support and dis typesete treatment (Williams, 1997). Through the process, OTs is able to establish and maintain a affinity with the client. It is important in any interview to be prepared and analyse that the location where the interview will take place will set the mood. If the interview is conducted in an office, it jakes give feeling of formality and if the interview is conducted in a clinic, it tidy sum be associated with illness. Individuals response to these different settings may be associated to previous experiences that they may have encountered in the past. Their reaction bath vary and as an interviewer, awareness should be recognized. The location of the interview can also give the purpose of the interview so it is important that competent location be chosen. There are three stagecoachs to an interview human body 1 is the introduc tory phase, phase 2 is the working phase and phase 3 is the termination. stiff communication requires mutual understanding from both interviewer and interviewee. wellness professionals must ensure that clients understand the meaning and purpose of interview and why it is conducted. The interview requires that information be shared, there is a goal to consider same understanding, understanding of background and culture, a willingness to understand points of view, respect for self and other and show emmodey when appropriate (Higgs, Ajjawi, McAllister, Trede, Loftus, 2008).Communication skills required in an interview include verbal communication, non-verbal communication and active listening. An example of verbal communications is the effective use of speech to ask appropriate questions and the structure of address utilise (Williams, 1997). The structure of the verbiage is the way that words are put together to form sentences to give information or sample information. communic atory communications are ways of individuals bearing their ideas, concepts and emotions, give description, provide information and break up problems (OToole, 2008 Stein-Parbury, 2006 Williams, 1997). Non-verbal communication is communicating without using words to express oneself. These could include eye-contact, seventh cranial nerve expression, body postures and behaviours, voice and volume alterations and physical space (Egan, 2007 OToole, 2008 Stein-Parbury, 2006 Williams, 1997). Active listening requires interviewer to actively listen and give verbal and non-verbal responses to show that they are listening. Interviewer can use non-verbal responses go to sleepn as SOLER to engage in the interview. SOLER stands for sit squarely, have posture, lean toward the client, eye contact and relax. Prompts can also be used in non-verbal response to encourage interviewee to talk further or know that you are present. Verbal response includes using the three Rs restatement, reflection an d re-clarification. conformation 1 of the interview is the introductory phase. This is where introductions and purpose of the interview is explained. Permission was asked to use clients first name to be more comfortable and to create a relax environment. In this phase of the interview, the client and interviewer is sitting squarely face up each other in a small quiet room. The client is actively listening to the information told. Her actions included eye-contact, sitting squarely, using prompts such(prenominal) as nodding and yep as indications. There was a bit of un disperse postured, clasped custody and fidgety shown by client at the start that could be attributed to skittishness and doubtfulty of interview. As the interviewer, verbal communication is essential in relaying the information about the purpose of the interview. This is where effective verbal communication comes into play. Effective use of speech was present but the structure of language needs to be improved. After explanation of what an OTs does, interviewer asked Do you kind of get what Im essay to say? in an uncertain voice. Interviewer could have rephrased it in a more confident reassurance voice and asked if the client understood the information and whether shed like to ask any questions. The style of language used here could be differences between social contexts. The use of formal language may not be used frequently in daily lives which make the interviewer structure of language seem a bit informal when asked. Being unsettled of your own questions also leads client to perceive that it was okay to agree since it is an uncertain question. The object of an interviewer is to be confident and be able to express understandably and concisely the questions asked. Interviewer showed facial expressions and hand gestures while explaining. This could be an indication of nervousness or a habit that the interviewer may possess. Even though eye-contact was make with client, SOLER was not effectivel y used. At the start, interviewer is sitting squarely, leaning forward and maintained eye-contact but was not in an control surface relaxed posture. This was attributed to nervousness as interview progress interviewer became more open and relaxed.Phase 2 of the interview is involved in asking relevant questions to get a clearer picture of clients occupation and history. It is where most information is collected and requires the use of a range of communication skills. SOLER was maintained throughout the interview by the interviewer and verbal prompts was used at appropriate situations to verify information that client had said. Nodding and hand gestures were used quite often to encourage client to continue talking and overlap information. In an interview, a range of questioning style is used. An example of an open question is How do you feel having to travel one and half moment to get to uni? These types of open questions allow clients to elaborate more on detail and give indica tion to their emotions. Even though closed questions are not desirable, interviewer did make use of them. One of such is How long do you bait to uni? There is only one answer possible and does not make use of client views or feelings in this situation. Probing questions was also missing in this interview, interviewer did not make use of this questioning style to seek out specific information. One example that is viewed is Is that the only problem you have as being a student? The question is used to question client whether the particular problem given was the only one present to being a student. Reflective questions was used to reflect a discipline back for clarifications, So far youve told me that you are a student, girlfriend and you also like to keep active, is there any other activities that you enjoy doing? about bad examples of questioning styles that should be avoided that was used in the interview was quaternate and leading questions. Do you have any other career path yo u want to take after studying this degree? Or do you want to just find a job afterwards and be happy with that? The questions does not allow client to answer and also leads them to answer in a certain way that you have asked.Non-verbal communication skills is seen in eye-contact, facial expression, gestures, body postures and head movements. Throughout the interviewing process, eye-contact was maintained in client and interviewer. In some culture, eye-contact is not seen as appropriate when talking to elders (Crepeau, et al., 2009). Eye-contact can also become uncomfortable if used with strangers and you are expected to maintain focus for a period of time. As OTs, it is appropriate to keep an open view of clients and know that depending on their culture and values, they may conduct and act in different ways. facial expressions on the other hand are what characterise a person. It is an important aspect of expressing emotions and expressing how we feel. Client used make a face as a p ositive feedback when talking about her family and boyfriend. It is indications that these are the things that the client values and find enjoyment in. When she was unsure of her answers, her eyebrows would be raised upwards. Facial expression belongs to individuals and each person has their own way of expressing themselves. Gestures are also a form of communication and are seen in the movement of head, hands and body parts. It just acts as ways that individual may use these parts to emphasise and reinforce information. Body postures refers to the position of the body and limbs (Williams, 1997). The postures take by the client was slightly leaned forward back with arms lay together in front of her laps. The interviewer on the other hand has her body leaned forward towards the client and arms resting on legs to cater for the book in front of her. The importance of postures can give indications to individual emotions. A droop shoulder and crossed arms could indicate lack of interes t or boredom.Phase 3 is the termination where information is summarized and clarified, client is thanked and ending of interview. Interviewer successfully used all mentioned techniques in this last phase but the language and structure of speech used could be improved. This could come with practice and experience. The voice used in the interview also gives indication to the emotions that is conveyed by clients and should be picked up when possible. The rate of speech or tone of voice express emotion and convey information about attitudes to certain things. Each individual have their characterised voice that distinguished us from someone else. It is with our voice that we can allow our emotions and feelings be conveyed.Interviewing requires multiple communication skills and practice to execute a good interview. Communication skills are not always verbal but include the non-verbal communication that is expressed through facial expression, gestures and eye-contact. Each individual have their own way of expressing themselves whether verbally or non-verbally. It is a good interviewer that is able to pick up on cues to allow them to adjust to client when interviewing. Interviewing requires interviewer to actively listen, question and empathize with clients. Through the use of PEOP model, the interview is able to be carried out and informed information is collected on the person, occupation, environment and performance.